Mattel Case Study Free Essays

As of late Mattel confronted difficulties with respect to their toys produced in China. They discovered that these toys made in China have high lead content that can harm kids. Mattel quickly reviewed these toys, explicitly: 253,000 â€Å"Sarge Cars,† â€Å"345,000 batman, 683,000 Barbie and Tanner sets and 1 million Doggie Day Care Sets (iVillage, 2007). We will compose a custom exposition test on Mattel Case Study or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Mattel quickly requested that their retailers review these toys. How did the administration of Mattel show up to this sort of choice so as to tackle this issue? This investigation will inspect the choice procedure. Mattel trusts in legitimate administration is critical to guarantee the achievement of the organization. Furthermore, to have the option to accomplish it, a decent administrator is required. Chiefs are indispensable element of a company’s achievement since they are the ones dependable I organization (Long, 1998). Morals is additionally fundamental in an association. A few times we catch wind of associations being hit by embarrassment managing issues of morals, trustworthiness and trusty. In all actuality, a few associations are moral and are not assailed with embarrassment, claims and examinations. The explanation most associations considered moral are not managing this negative press is on the grounds that many have imparted a culture of morals and trustworthiness. Since Mattel accepts that morals will be useful to their profitability and endurance, as complexity what exactly is seen on TV, for instance, where individuals at all methods do whatever they could to accomplish something, regardless of whether it implied being untrustworthy. (p. 208) Mary Guy (1990) composed that people who are thoughtful with respect to settling on moral choices impact the new comers of the association, and will later on build up their own affectability on morals. (p. 161) Morals requires the leader to consider things dependent on significant qualities. (p. 5). As per Jacobs and Jaques (1987), the expertise necessity at the hierarchical level requires morals since it is liable for the organization’s notoriety of their items and administrations. The organization ought to react to the social and network needs and it ought to likewise be worried about advertising. (p. 31) The impact of morals in dynamic is urgent in light of the fact that the organization or association makes a decision about a circumstance dependent on what is ethically right and reasonable for their customers or shoppers. Not exclusively will they lose their regulars in the event that they come up short, yet they will likewise lose possible benefactors (McGregor, 2004). They likewise base their choices on how shrewd it ought to be. Rarely are there organizations who are equipping towards unscrupulous choices only for the sole explanation of accomplishing an objective (Minor, 2002). As a rule, achievement accompanies the right, moral, choices; and it has been demonstrated for a long time that is the reason associations are required to make these good decisions. References Fellow, M.E. (1990). Moral Decision Making in Everyday Work Situations. Westport, CT: Quorum Books Jacobs, T.O., Jaques, E. (1987). Authority IN COMPLEX SYSTEMS. In J. Zeidner (Ed.). Human Productivity Enhancement: Organizations, Personnel, and Decision Making Vol. 2. Volume: 2, (pp. 7-31). New York: Praeger Publishers Long, B.C. (1998) Coping with Workplace Stress: A Multiple-Group Comparison of Female Managers and Clerical Workers. Diary of Counseling Psychology. 45(1): 65 McGregor, G. (2004, October 8). Administration Network. Diary of Counseling Psychology. 45(1): 65 Excavator, J.B. (2002) Organizational Behavior: Foundations, Theories, and Analyses. Oxford University Press. New York: Oxford University Press. iVillage.com (2007) Mattel Toys Recalled from China. www.iVillage.com The most effective method to refer to Mattel Case Study, Free Case study tests

UFOs essays

UFO's papers Unidentified Flying Objects (Commonly called UFOs) have been around since scriptural occasions, one such well known case is Ezekiels Wheel, a locating distinguished by a Christian prophet as a gathering of four blessed messengers joined at the feet dropping from the sky in a celestial light. Sightings, for example, these are referred to today by UFOlogists as environmental marvel (AP for short) and record for the heft of UFO sightings. Ezekiel's wheel can be seen now and then on a starry evening, a sunlight based flare of certain quality causes the Aurora Borealis to show up along these lines. Over 90% of the cases looked into in the main investigation of UFOs by different U.S. government organizations and private intrigue bunches have bolstered this reality. Ball lightning, shooting stars, multitudes of high height ice precious stones and brilliant planets have all been misconstrued as extraterrestrial airplane quietly beating through the sky. Be that as it may, there has still been no clarification for the last 10%, and the contention despite everything goes on today. Is it another top mystery military plane? Is it an AP present day science can't clarify? Is it outsiders from another planet? These inquiries can't be replied starting at yet. A cloak of puzzle encompasses UFOs, it was dropped 1969, when the U.S. authoritatively pronounced its lack of engagement in the UFO wonder. In any case, the field of UFOlogy is persevering as its continued looking for reality, and the data it has yielded gives a decent, target perspective on the UFO wonder. The U.S. government has declassified an immense measure of archives relating to its three significant investigations of UFOs: PROJECT: SIGN, PROJECT GRUDGE, AND PROJECT: BLUEBOOK. These records were characterized because of different national security reasons, yet were opened to the open after the Freedom of Information Act and have been the bread and butter of genuine UFO examine. As the investigation of UFOs proceeds into the 21st century, no strong, taught, valid, bolstered proclamation can yet be made about the ... <! UFO's expositions I once kissed a plant-like outsider animal that hung down from a porch in Central Park. I have never observed a UFO, I've never met an outsider, and I've never been to Central Park. In the same way as other others, I had a fantasy; a similar sort of distrustful dream that has made entire networks go around in a witch chase mania, looking for a clarification they had always wanted, deceptions, and once in a while pipedreams. In spite of their proof or come up short on their of, not many trouble to plunk down and sensibly clarify their convictions. They have wondered why, who, and, what, yet when do we ask How? In 1969 we put a man on the moon. after 35 years we despite everything do not have the innovation to arrive at Mars with human life. For what reason do we accept others can contact us? It is safe to say that we are so a long ways behind in human advancement that extra terrestrials from broad planets can get in touch with us 22 years before we can arrive at our own moon? Had other life really had the option to make it here through flying saucer, what makes them any not quite the same as me or you? I may look unusual, yet I surely don't have a bulbous head or attractions cups on my fingers. For what reason would outsiders look thusly? In the event that we were completely structured by a similar maker, isn't it likely that we would have a similar plan? Individuals are lost in the awesome creative mind of the psyche. We have to think with rationale. For what reason would one make such a tremendous universe for one little planet? It isn't the presence of a third kind that I question. I question the progression of a culture that outperforms our own. I question the hypothesis of correspondence by clairvoyance. I question metal flying plates. In spite of the serious absence of proof supporting presence, many stand firm on their convictions. As indicated by the China Daily HK Edition, 40 ufology affiliations work including 5,000 enrolled individuals. These affiliations feel victimized; rejected from logical circles. They need logical strategy, and depend for the most part on creative mind. So for what reason are such a significant number of individuals certain the... <!

New and Useful Information on How to Become a Perfusionist

New and Useful Information on How to Become a Perfusionist There are many careers you can choose from and one of the most desired is in the medical field.Although the reasons for this may vary, most people love the thought of saving lives and treating the sick.Not everyone though.Some people dread the sight of bloodâ€"including their ownâ€"thus cannot take certain career paths.All in all, every career choice is important since there are different needs in the society.One very important, though not widely-known career is that of the perfusionist. It is one of the many careers in the medical field.Like other careers, it has its own unique characteristics.Perfusionists work as part of the teams which perform surgeries. Especially heart surgeries.If you thought that surgeries are only carried out by surgeons with the help of nurses, we have some news for you.Surgeries which involve the heart cannot be carried out without these individuals.Moreover, they handle patients who are in the ICU in need of assistance with their hearts and lungs.WHAT DOE S A PERFUSIONIST DO?  A perfusionist is a trained professional whose role in the operating room and ICU entail operating the machines which keep the patients alive.In the operating room, their expertise is required, more so during operations like open-heart surgeries. This is a surgery which involves stopping the heart from beating.Some of the reasons for an open-heart surgery are a weakened heart, a blocked or partially-blocked artery or other problems affecting the functioning of the heart.For an open-heart surgery to be successful, the heart should not be pumping blood.However, the patient has to stay alive and important organs like the brain and kidneys need oxygenated blood.In order for this to happen, the patients life is sustained through a process called Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB).Cardiopulmonary Bypass is the process by which blood is directed to flow out of the human body and into a machine.The machine is commonly known as the cardiopulmonary bypass pump or heart-lung ma chine.Perfusionists also work in the ICUs.This happens when a patient with a heart or lung problem is either brought in or awaits a surgery. To keep them alive, the heart lung machine is used until the necessary corrective action has been taken.This is where the Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) machines are used. This is more popularly known as life support.It can either be a case of awaiting a heart or lung transplant or the implanting of a Ventricular Assist Device (VAD).This is a mechanical pump used in situations where the patient has a heart failure or a very weakened heart.Perfusionists use their knowledge and medical expertise to set up and operate the machines.They will also be involved in monitoring the patient to ensure everything is working well. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PERFUSIONISTAs with other careers, there are certain character traits which are common among perfusionists.These are what enable them stand by the surgeons and work with the patients before and afte r the operation.Below are some of them.Detail OrientedTo be a perfusionist, you must have an eye for details. The machines you will be handling provide you with a lot of information to enable you make the right decisions.More than that, as you set up and run the equipment for a specific patient, you need to be careful to do the right thing.Some of the things you may need to check or set include the levels of oxygen in the blood as well as the blood pressure.If you were to increase the blood pressure or reduce it too much, you could endanger the life of the patient.In this field, a difference of 0.1 could be too big to ignore.Considering the number of negligence cases in the medical field, you certainly cannot afford to be part of those statistics. In the case of a perfusionist, it is literally a matter of life and death.This is the reason you are in that operation room in the first place.If you are not very keen with small details, then this career path may not be for you.Level-Hea dedEver seen accident victims being wheeled into the emergency room?The nurses clear the way, orders are shouted about what to be prepared, there are broken limbs and severe bleeding needs to be stopped.Such are the day-to-day cases experienced by the JPS Health Network’s Trauma Department. As a perfusionist, you will be called in and this is the picture of what you will see upon entering the operating room.What would you do?Would you cringe and start pitying the victim?That’s not for perfusionists.They maintain their calm in such situations. They understand the severity of the situation and may need to be briefed about it.But they will not be moved by emotions.You will have to learn to contain yourself and maintain a calm demeanor in this career.This is important because to operate the machinery which will support someone’s life requires a sober mind.For you to accurately determine what needs to be done, you have to stay calm.Ability to Concentrate for Long PeriodsOperations can be lengthy and complicated. Some run up to 6 hours.During such times, you can become tired and stressed.Yet you still have a duty to keep going till the procedure is finished.Remember that you are responsible for a very important part of the whole procedure.You are the one controlling the machine which is acting like the heart and lungs of the patient.A slight mistake could cause extensive damage.It is critical that you have the ability to stay focused throughout the operation.Something else, you should not just be present and looking alert but should be participating in the procedure.This is to enable you give the surgeon relevant information he may need to know.Physically and Mentally FitPhysical and mental fitness are a must in this career. To maintain high levels of concentration in emergencies and throughout the procedures being performed, fitness is necessary.You will need to stay alert for long hours without getting tired.Staying focused during long procedures requires yo ur mind to be in tip-top condition.Although there are many brain exercises you can do to increase memory or increase concentration, physical fitness helps keep your mind healthy enough.Good CommunicatorOne of the most important skills needed for this job is communication.As a perfusionist, you will never work alone. Whether in the operating room, ICU or working with other professionals to develop medical machines, it is always a team effort.Where teams are concerned, there has to be good communication.When you are working alongside surgeons and nurses during an operation, you will keep them informed about many aspects of the patient’s health.You are the one to advise on any issues concerning the patient’s blood and any medications needed.You will also be responsible for updating the whole team on the patient’s overall status, particularly his circulation and respiration.Watch the below video showing good communication between the various medical professionals in an operating r oom. Ability to Work Under PressureDoctors, and in particular surgeons, are known to work under extreme pressure.Always being available for emergencies and sacrificing much convenience for the sake of saving other people’s lives.Theirs is true service to others.The same applies to their team members, including perfusionist.With the ever-increasing cases of heart disease and the operations required to correct them, there will not be an end to the pressure involved.Are you willing to work long hours without a break? Are you willing to be called to work on the weekend? What about when having dinner at home?Have a Strong Sense of ResponsibilityPerfusionists literally hold the lives of patients in their hands. When an open-heart surgery is taking place, the heart has to be stopped from pumping blood so as to be operated on.This is where the heart-lung machine operated by the perfusionist comes in.It takes over the role of the heart and lungs.The person running the machine has to be car eful enough to ensure the safety of the patient.Any amount of negligence can easily lead to death.It is this realization that helps keep the perfusionist alert.But this alertness does not come simply from being taught in school. It has to come from within.As a perfusionist, you need to understand from within yourself, that you are largely responsible for the life of the person on the operating table.This will keep you on your toes while the procedure is underway.QUALIFICATIONS FOR BECOMING A PERFUSIONISTWith all that perfusion entails, there are qualifications required in order to practice in this field.Like most careers, the education is a basic requirement.Add to that some hands-on training and you will be good to go.Here is what you need to do to be in this career.1. Enroll in an accredited perfusion education program.Everything starts in class and not all schools can teach you about perfusion.There are schools which are accredited for this training and it is from these you are s upposed to get your training.Here is a list of the accredited schools.Some of the subjects you can expect to cover include cardiac anatomy and perfusion devices. Some of the perfusion devices include artificial hearts (blood pump), artificial lungs (oxygenator) and artificial kidneys (hemodialysis).2. Undergo Clinical TrainingThe nature of the job of a perfusionist demands that you have practical experience as part of the training.This is why some practical course work is necessary.You will need to perform at least 75 perfusions while under supervision in order to qualify for certification.The institution you are training in can help you by arranging for these.3. Get CertifiedBeing certified as a perfusionist will require you to pass some exams administered by the American Board of Cardiovascular Perfusion (ABCP).These exams come in two parts and they are multiple choice exams.The first part is referred to as Perfusion Basic Science Examination (PBSE).The second part is called Clini cal Applications in Perfusion Examination (CAPE).These exams should be taken after graduation from an accredited cardiovascular perfusion education program.You must pass both these exams in order to be certified.4. Obtain a LicenseOnce you have passed the certification exam, you are ready for practice.The only thing which can keep you from working is a state license.Check with your state whether a perfusionist license is required before practice.5. Renew Your CertificationYou will have to renew your certification every year in order to keep practicing. Certificate renewal ensures that your knowledge and skills are up to date.Apart from documenting up to 40 annual clinical activities, you have to do 45 Continuing Education Unit (CEU) every three years.CAREER DETAILSMany people are not aware of this career because it doesn’t get the spotlight. Everyone knows of surgeons and nurses but not perfusionists. As you have learned by reading this far, this is an important career. And a rewa rding one too, if you are interested in saving livesâ€"literally.The reason it has not been known much is probably because there haven’t been many cases of open-heart surgeries. It is only until recently that the baby boomer generation has made heart diseases become a nationally-recognized problem.Many are suffering from heart diseases thus increasing the number of surgeries being requested and done.Below we feature some aspects of this career to help you decide whether it is for you.It pays well.For the critical role which perfusionists play, they are certainly paid well. This would be expected since it is only fair to show appreciation for the services offered.The average salary in this career is $129,348 as of January 31, 2019. This is according to salary.com. The range is usually between $116,091 and $141,229.This is an impressive figure which can easily attract anyone to the career.To be paid among the highest, you will need to have more education, certifications and obviousl y, more experience.The longer you have stayed in the career, the more of an authority you are.Meaning more money.It is technology-driven.Technology has transformed the world and it will keep doing so.Apart from the revolutions in life coming through smartphones and social media, the medical field has also benefited from technology.With health conditions becoming more difficult to accurately diagnose and treat, many scientists have dedicated their lives to research.Among these advancements are the equipment used by medical professionals when handling various conditions.These are always going through improvements as science discovers new and better ways of handling the diagnosed conditions.For example, the heart-lung machine has experienced some improvements over the years.Encyclopedia.com has a history of this machine from where you can see the improvements brought about by technology and scientific research.The first heart-lung machine was the results of much dedicated research and work from an American surgeon by the name John H. Gibbon, Jr (1903-1974).The decision to undertake this project was a response to the death of a young patient who died of blocked lung circulation.After much work, the first successful operation with a heart-lung machine with the new machine was done in 1953.An 18-year-old patient’s heart was stopped for 26 minutes and a surgery done to close a hole in it.The original machine was huge, complex and required many pints of blood to be primed.Compared to the machines in use today, there has been a big improvement.Modern machines are relatively small and can be wheeled around with ease.Who knows what the future holds?If you wold love to work in the midst of technology while in the medical field, this could be a career worth considering.Offers great potential for growth.The perfusion career is not limited to the operating room or the ICU in public hospitals and universities.Whereas it is a good idea to start there and have some experience , you can also be employed by privately-practicing surgeons.There will however be some pros and cons to consider.For example, you may be able to get more personalized training as opposed to when working at the hospital.Nevertheless, the pay may actually be less than what a graduate gets from some of the public hospitals.Apart from the option of where to work, there are other alternatives you can go with in your practice of perfusion.For example, after gaining some experience, you could work with equipment manufacturers.The knowledge and experience you have will help them develop better machines for the market.You will be involved in the research, testing and any other stage of the process.If you feel adventurous, you can venture into sales. You can be employed as a technical sales manager, director or any similar position.You will essentially be responsible for giving technical details of the equipment and helping decision makers understand the uniqueness of the machine you’re sel ling.That can be a good opportunity to champion a solution.Another option to consider is being a perfusion educator.You can choose to be one of the teachers in perfusion schools and share your knowledge and experience.If you love mentoring people to do great things, then teaching is a good choice.CONCLUSIONDo you have the traits needed to be a perfusionist?In case you don’t but desire to be one, you can learn them.Be willing to make changes to your habits and get the education.

Franklin D Roosevelt The Constitutional Convention Essay

APUSH ESSAY [placeholder introduction] 400 years is a heck of a lot of time to sort through. Yet there are a few items which stand out above all others. these are Constitutional Convention, Progressive Era, Franklin D Roosevelt The Constitutional Convention was held to write a document to replace the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was the USian peoples first attempt at a constitution and had many issues. The federal government had little power and experienced problems with debts, interstate trade, tariffs, and rebellion. It only lasted about ten years, from 1777 when it was ratified to 1787 when the Constitutional Convention began. The Convention began on May 25, 1787 and lasted five months to†¦show more content†¦On other fronts, the US Constitution is relatively short and avoids being too specific.) When people are sworn into office to work in the government, they must swear to uphold the constitution. When supreme court justices do their job, they are interpreting the Constitution; the laws in the country must abide by it, which makes it clear how much influence the Constitution has. The Progressive era was a time of rapid change in the US. The country was finishing be ing industrialized at the beginning of the period in 1900 and the speed of the transition had caused some issues. A lot of corruption was present in the cities, such as in political machines, whose bosses were providing necessities such as food and shelter to needy immigrants in exchange for political support. Cities were overcrowded as a result of new immigrants and people seeking out newly-created jobs migrating from rural areas. The Progressive movement started with the middle class and a sense of justice for these wrongs, but soon spread to the general populace. Significant reform was passed during the Progressive era across many different aspects of life, from monopolies to conservationism. Much of this reform affected the basic function of things or helped create a foundation for the modern US. For instance, depending on when one marks the end of theShow MoreRelatedThe U.S. Constitution Essay1204 Words   |  5 Pagespower to regulate commerce trade for the national governme nt in other words the federal government could not build a strong economy. All these factors and others included lead to the fall of the Articles of Confederation. Guiding towards Constitutional Convention, where the present day Constitution was written and signed by 38 of the 41 delegates present on September 17, 1787. This paper discusses why the Founding Father’s designed the Constitution as they did and how this design has affected ourRead MoreThe American Political Tradition912 Words   |  4 Pagesevents that influenced and made up Americas history. The main focuses of the book were the Founding Fathers and the Constitution of the United States. 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Yet, while it is instructive to note the limitations of Roosevelts leadership, there is not much sense in the claims that the New Dea l was haphazard, a jumble of expedient and populist schemes, or as WRead MoreChristopher Columbus : What It America?983 Words   |  4 Pagestheir own countries. At the 1787 convention, we devised a plan for a stronger federal government with three branches (executive, legislative and judicial) along with a system called checks and balances to make sure that none of these newly created branches get too much power. The Bill of Rights,10 amendments guarantee basic individual rights such as freedom of speech and religion were later added to the Constitution in 1791. As of today, there have been 27 constitutional amendments. April 12th 1861-

Gay Marriage Should Be Legal Essay - 1278 Words

The Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the Constitution guarantees a right to same-sex marriage. Yet, same-sex marriage continues to be a highly debated issue that leaves our society searching for answers. This has been very apparent during elections when politicians, in order to distract or sway conservative voters, all took a side and had an opinion on the issue of same-sex marriage. The debate has been presented on the left as a civil rights debate, equal rights. And on the right, as a morals debate, a referendum on homosexuality (Rauch, J. 2004). Everyone has an opinion on whether two men or two women should be allowed to get married, and in doing so, have all the same rights granted by the federal government to them as†¦show more content†¦Nowadays, marriage is completely elective. Now we have contraception. Today, marriage is a lifestyle choice (Rauch, J. 2004). The nuclear family is no longer the â€Å"norm†. It’s now a reality that there a re heterosexuals who are not getting married or not staying married, as well as roughly half of all marriages ending in divorce. With marriage in a decline, one could rationally argue that two people wanting to enter into matrimony, to make an oath, not only to themselves, but to the community, the state, and basically the whole world, should be encouraged. The institution of marriage benefits society, giving strength to families and communities as a whole. Furthermore, the state has a variety of interest in promoting marriage, it promotes stability for adults and children and helps individuals lead happier and more productive lives (Strasser, P. M., 1999). A hard to swallow fact is American history is plagued with discrimination. Rights have been denied to every type of citizen for a lot of reasons they had no control of in our history more than once. In the early 1900’s America had firm standing miscegenation laws, or laws not allowing marriages between persons of two different races. These stood until Loving v. Virginia, a civil case where the Supreme Court declared anti-miscegenation laws a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment and thus unconstitutional. I would think it is fair to say thatShow MoreRelatedGay Marriage Should Be Legal1205 Words   |  5 PagesHoward Sociology 1301-93431 Gay Marriage Getting married is something that most people do when they find love, which it is an important event in their life. The GLBT (gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender) community now get the legal right of same-sex marriage, which they have fought for throughout the years; on the other hand, some opponents of same-sex marriage have called for a constitutional change towards it. Although there were some countries that allowed gay marriage before the United StatesRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1159 Words   |  5 PagesAmendment, which puts a ban on gay marriage. This amendment entitles to equal rights to the gay community, ending toleration of discrimination in jobs, rights protecting gays from hate crimes,rights allowing advancement in government. However, the concept of gay marriage is still not considered a right the American people should extend to homosexuals. II. The vast majority of opponents believe marriage should be between one woman and one man, meaning marriage should be between members of the oppositeRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1574 Words   |  7 Pagesequal rights. Gays and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbian couples are denied the right to marry even if they are outstanding citizens. They are held at an unfair disadvantage solely because of their sexual orientation. This discrimination must stop, because gay and lesbian couples are law-abiding citizens too, who should be afforded the same rights as heterosexual couples. Marriage is about love andRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1564 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is marriage? Recently, people argue with respect to the definition of marriage. What happened to marriage? To get married is a very important event for almost everyone. Especially for women, marriage and giv ing a birth could be the two biggest events of their lives. Many people believe that getting married to the one whom he or she loves is natural. However, what do you think if you cannot get married to him or her because it is socially unacceptable? 100 years ago different colored peopleRead MoreShould Gay Marriage Be Legal?778 Words   |  3 PagesShould Gay Marriage Be Legal? â€Å"†¦I now pronounce you husband and wife†¦Ã¢â‚¬  One would normally hear this when attending a wedding. In tradition marriage has been between one male and one female who love each other. But how would one feel if they heard â€Å"I now pronounce you groom and groom† or how about â€Å"†¦bride and bride...†? In the last 50 years the number of same-sex couples has increased. The on-going argument between the government and the people is â€Å"Should gay marriage be legal?† Although some sayRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1126 Words   |  5 PagesJune 26, 2015 for gay marriage to be legal in all fifty states, thirty seven out of the fifty and Washington D.C already legalized gay marriage. Many support gay marriage and many do not, with widespread values and reasons for and against it. Due to religion and rights people across the nation have differing views and opinions of it.In a five to four vote in the Supreme Court gay marriage becam e legalized in all fifty states. Shortly after that a few marriage officiators and marriage licenses peopleRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1179 Words   |  5 PagesGAY MARRIAGES Some states such as Iowa legalized gay marriage through the action of judicial interpretation based on the state’s constitutional stipulations while other states such as Vermont legalized gay marriage through legislation initiatives. These cases demonstrate the government is the sole body that can dictate the validity of whatever is to be regarded as a marriage, and in this case gay marriage. The power to validate marriage is still observed among the private citizens, religious institutionsRead MoreThe Gay Marriage Should Be Legal947 Words   |  4 PagesDefending Gay Marriage During the last few years, homosexuality has become an important issue for debate. Moreover, homosexuals have taken their case further by claiming their right to marry. Same-sex marriage, usually known as â€Å"gay marriage†, is the marriage between two people from the same biological sex (Doskow1). Since 2000, eleven countries have approved the legalization of gay marriage worldwide: Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Canada, South Africa, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, Iceland, ArgentinaRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1480 Words   |  6 PagesNew World Dictionary defines the word married as being husband and wife, yet there are millions of gay activists who are fighting for a new meaning. They believe marriage is more than a piece of paper and a set of rings. The hope is that marriage could be defined as a â€Å"public recognition of a private commitment† or â€Å"emotional, financial, and psychological bond† between two people (Sullivan 53). Gay activists belie ve that taking away the ability to have a publicly recognized relationship or an acceptedRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1351 Words   |  6 Pageshappened for United States, gay marriage became legal in all 50 states. In most states it already was but the remaining 13 became legal this year. There are many concerns regarding gay marriage, and the effects of them involve many legislative, cultural, religious and family issues. Gay marriage is controversial because a lot of people do not approve of it, they think it is immoral, unnatural, and not what the traditional concept of â€Å"marriage† really means. Opponents of gay marriage say it is only meant

Rheumatoid Arthritis The Problem Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

string(316) " may even interfere with their day-to-day activities, limit their occupation chances or interrupt the joy and duties of household life as the quotation mark below suggested: \( 13 \) The people with arthritic arthritis \( RA \) have been described as a ‘tightrope between freedom and a life sentence ‘ \." Rheumatoid arthritis is an ague, systemic inflammatory upset that causes chronic redness of the articulations. It is besides known as an autoimmune disease, the status such that the organic structure ‘s immune response sends out incorrect signals to assail the organic structure itself. It may impact other variety meats like eyes and lungs every bit good. We will write a custom essay sample on Rheumatoid Arthritis The Problem Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now It progresses in three phases. ( 1 ) The first phase is the puffiness of the joint ; the 2nd phase is the rapid division and growing of cells which causes synovial membrane to be thickened and the last phase is the loss of motion. Figure 1: Normal joint vs. articulation affected by Rheumatoid Arthritis The loss of motion is caused by the enzymes that released by the inflamed cells that may digest the bone and gristle causes the involved articulation to lose its alliance and form. ( 2 ) The swelling in the articulations of the custodies and carpuss is normally the first symptom to be noticed. ( 3 ) Figure 2: Joint malformations caused by rheumatoid arthritis hypertext transfer protocol: //www.google.com.sg/imgres? imgurl Until now, the cause of the disease is still an unknown. However, there are scientists who believe that the immune system, gender, familial and infection may be the factors of the disease. ( 4 ) . Prevalence is more common in adult females than in work forces in the ratio of 3:1. Figure 3: Arthritis / Rheumatism prevalence: by age and sex, GB, 2003. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp? id=1331 ) Temporary, there is no remedy for this disease. So, what are the current interventions that are available to relieve the symptoms of this disease? I will discourse about them in this study. A Possible Solution Disease Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drugs ( DMARDs ) DMARDs are a combination of drugs normally used to handle patients with arthritic arthritis. They interfere with the devising or working of immune cells that cause joint redness. ( 5 ) By and large, biological DMARDs are non used in combination with other biological DMARDs because several of these combinations have shown increased toxicity. There are besides some agents that are synthesised through familial technology such as tumour mortification factor alpha ( TNF I ± ) blockers and Interleukin 1 ( IL-1 ) blockers. ( 6 ) The consequence is different and may be more delayed in oncoming than other medicines which are why sometimes they are called slow moving anti-rheumatic drugs ( SAARDs ) . So, I think it is rather of import to get down DMARD agents every bit early as possible one time RA has been diagnosed and confirmed. ( 7 ) DMARDs could be one of the possible solutions because there are a batch of beginnings saying that its early usage is effectual in alleviating the symptoms a s the quotation mark shown: ( 8 ) Surveies have shown that early debut of these drugs may be good, with betterment in hurting, joint tonss, and disablement. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arthritis.co.za/dmard.html ) In malice of its effectivity, there are several factors need to be considered included phase and badness of the joint status, the balance between possible side effects and benefits, and patient penchant ( 9 ) while doing the pick of which DMARDs drugs need to be taken. From my point of position, the patients need to seek a assortment of combinations of drugs to cognize that which combination give themselves the best consequence and the lowest hazard of side consequence with the aid of rheumatologist. Sometimes, merely one DMARD is used. However, there are many beginnings demoing that combination of DMARDs works better for the patients as the quotation mark and table below shown: Current grounds suggests that combinations of DMARDs are more effectual, and likely less toxic, than monotherapy. ( http: //www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Disease-Modifying-Antirheumatic-Drugs- ( DMARDs ) .htm ) Figure 7: Comparison of combination therapy with individual drug therapy in early RA ( hypertext transfer protocol: //images.google.com.sg/imgres? imgurl=http: // ) From Figure 7, the consequences shown that the combination of drugs was approximately two times more effectual than the individual drug therapy for those who got remittal after one twelvemonth and two old ages of the intervention. Even though DMARDs plays a critical function in arthritis intervention, nevertheless, some of them are used more common than the others. For illustration, amethopterin ( MTX ) is the most normally used DMARD due to its higher efficaciousness but lower toxicity. ( 10 ) Figure 2: The construction of the metrothexate ( hypertext transfer protocol: //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methotrexate ) Metrothexate ( MTX ) , acts by suppressing an enzyme involved in the metamorphosis of folic acid, dihydrofolate reductase ( DHFR ) which is involved in the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate. They act by changing the organic structure ‘s usage of folic acid, which is a sort of vitamin and is needed for cell growing. Higher affinity of MTX to DHFR inhibits the transition of dihydrofolate to the active tetrahydrofolate, which means the synthesis of DNA, RNA and proteins are inhibited. It is to believe that this intervention with folic acid makes methotrexate benefit in arthritic arthritis as it inhibits the proliferation of the inflammatory cells in the articulation of the patient. Etanercept aims to command the redness and to retard the patterned advance of terrible RA as good but it is for RA patients which non wholly antiphonal to other drugs. It works by barricading the receptor for TNF-alpha. However, for most RA patients, amethopterin ( MTX ) is now considered the most first line DMARD agent. It is even more effectual when used in combination with other drugs such as Infliximab or Etanercept. ( 11 ) Social A ; Economic Deductions Based on a research by Dickens and Creed in 2001, the people with RA are twice every bit likely to endure from depression. ( 12 ) Sometimes, they get upset because they merely do non experience the betterment in their organic structures even though they have taken the medical specialty prescribed. In my sentiment, their household members have to be supportive and be able to give them audiences when they need it. An probe in 1993 even found out that some patients need to take 5 old ages for themselves to accommodate to their status. In some instances, the disease may even interfere with their day-to-day activities, limit their occupation chances or interrupt the joy and duties of household life as the quotation mark below suggested: ( 13 ) The people with arthritic arthritis ( RA ) have been described as a ‘tightrope between freedom and a life sentence ‘ . ( 14 ) — Maycock, 1988. There are about 20000 new instances of arthritic arthritis in UK every twelvemonth and there are around 400000 grownups in the UK with this disease. From an economic point of view, this brings economic impact on the people today as the life cost presents is high and if they lost the occupation due to inability to travel around easy so their life disbursals including their medicine cost will be a large job for them. The transit fees to hospital on a regular basis, holding food markets delivered and the demand to purchase particular apparels and places add disbursals to their life cost. Extra money is besides spent on the complementary intervention and auxiliary merchandises. ( 15 ) â€Å" If other members are acquiring sick, they may desire to pull resources off from the arthritic arthritis patient. † — Alan Mozes ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp? articlekey=116607 ) When there is a pick needed to be made, RA patients in a household will be given up doing them non be able to go on their intervention as the quotation mark above shown. Figure: Age-specific mortality rates ( per 100,000 ) for adult females with arthritic arthritis in 2009 hypertext transfer protocol: //arthritis-research.com/content/11/3/229/figure/F3? highres=y The mortality rate has non decreased steadily over the past 30 old ages. I think authorities should take this affair earnestly and take some stairss to turn this status better. Here, I unfeignedly hope that authorities can be financially stable and subsidy for those hapless patients who are non low-cost to travel through the intervention to the full. This could take down the mortality rate for arthritic arthritis patients. Benefits and Hazards I think the displacement to sing DMARDs as the new front line intervention is rather good as it may cut down the demand for other medicines as the quotation mark shown below: A DMARD may besides profit the patient by cut downing the demand for other medicines, e.g. corticoids and NSAIDs, which may hold a greater potency for toxicity than the DMARD. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUarticles/dmards.htm ) This may cut down the intervention cost and increase the efficaciousness at the same clip. Methotrexate ( MTX ) has been shown to be the most effectual drug used in decelerating down the patterned advance rate of the eroding and devastation of the joint compared to the others DMARDs as the abstract below shown: ( 16 ) Methotrexate outperformed other DMARDs in a meta-analysis of surveies comparing efficaciousness with toxicity, and more patients remained on amethopterin after five old ages than on other DMARDs. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //medsafe.govt.nz/profs/PUarticles/dmards.htm ) Besides, in footings of long periods, it has been shown to be safe and even can be applied on kids. ( 17 ) Normally the good effects from these agents merely last for a few old ages so I suggest that a good planning or scheme of utilizing them consecutive or even in combination is needed. However, several possible inauspicious reactions are at that place which needed to be taken attention of including timeserving infections, oral cavity ulcers and tummy jobs. Figure: Opportunist infections caused by Etanercept and Infliximab ( DMARDs ) hypertext transfer protocol: //images.google.com.sg/ Other than this, liver harm is another side consequence of this drug if this drug is taken orally every twenty-four hours. Alternatively of making so, from my point of position, the drug should be taken intermittently one time a hebdomad so the liver has adequate clip to retrieve. The existent status is nevertheless, the benefits of taking the drugs outweigh its hazards. So, I think this intervention should still go on but at the same clip, the patients who are taking the drugs need to be monitored on a regular basis. Some steps can be taken such as taking folic acid to cut down the side consequence of amethopterin as many beginnings have suggested. The usage of folic acid with the drug is used to cut down side effects. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arthritis.co.za/dmard.html ) Alternate Solutions Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs ( NSAIDs ) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory are besides known as ‘first line ‘ medicine in the instance of RA. Examples of drugs including acetylsalicylate ( acetylsalicylic acid ) , ibuprofen ( Advil, Medipren, Motrin ) and etodolac ( Lodine ) . I choose NSAIDs as an alternate solution because they can cut down the symptoms and thereby bettering maps. However, these drugs entirely do non alter the class of the disease or prevent joint devastation. ( 18 ) There are two chief types of Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory: selective and non-selective. They work by suppressing enzymes, called Cox, COX-1 and COX-2 which participate in the production of prostaglandins. Even though the prostaglandins cause redness and hurting but they besides have critical functions in care of normal organic structure maps. So, the COX-2 inhibitors act by selectively block the prostaglandins produced through the COX-2 which have involved in redness. ( 19 ) Since the drugs merely aim to cut down the hurting and pu ffiness, so I suggest that they need to be combined with the other agents in DMARDs to do certain the disease is under control. Surgery Another sensible attack that I suggest is to transport out surgery. Its primary intent is to cut down hurting, better the affected articulation ‘s map, and better the patient ‘s ability to execute day-to-day activities. However, from my point of position, a surgery is merely carried out when the medicine can non repair the structural harm or the disease does non react to the physical therapy. As any surgery is serious and involves complications, it is normally delayed until it is necessary. Furthermore, surgical intervention may non be an option for all of the affected articulations. ( 20 ) There are plentifulness of factors need to be considered such as the patient ‘s overall wellness, the status of the joint or sinew that will be operated on, and the ground for, every bit good as the hazards and benefits of, the surgical process. Cost may be another factor. Surgery picks: Choices Functions Finger and manus surgeries To rectify joint jobs in the manus. Arthroscopy To take dust or inflamed tissue in a joint through a little lit instrument. Synovectomy To take inflamed joint tissue. Arthroplasty To replace portion or all of a joint in the hip or articulatio genus. Cervical spinal merger To handle terrible cervix hurting and nervus jobs. Resection of metatarsal caputs To take distorted bone in the pess. Figure: The articulatio genus cap and the damaged portion are removed and the bipartite prosthetic device, which is normally metal is implanted during surgery as the diagram shown. hypertext transfer protocol: //arthritis.about.com/od/rheumatoidarthritis/ss/pictures_photos_6.htm Evaluation Kate Lorig, the writer of the book The Arthritis Helpbook, who is besides the Director of the Stanford Patient Education Research Center and Professor of Medicine in the Stanford School of Medicine. She is a really reputable research worker in the field of developing self-management classs for patients with chronic diseases and she had published several books sing this rubric. So, I think there would be no biased in the fact that stated in the book about the intervention of DMARDs drugs should be commenced every bit early as possible which is besides supported by the quotation mark from the article of the web site lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medscape.com/viewarticle/406508_5 gt ; : The current intervention scheme hence involves the early usage of DMARDs to restrict joint harm and preserve map. Methotrexate is proved to be more effectual when used in combination with other drugs such as Infliximab or Etanercept than itself entirely from the web site lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //arthritis.about.com/cs/mtx/a/mtx.htm gt ; . This beginning is said to be dependable as many other beginnings agree with this statement every bit good such as the web site lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/74289.php gt ; and the undermentioned infusion: Study leader Dr Cornelia F. Allaart commented: â€Å" Our findings indicate that clinical remittal from RA is accomplishable provided effectual intervention – such as the Remicade amethopterin combination we used in the 4th arm of this survey – is administered early in the class of the disease. † Besides, the informations collected was at EULAR 2007, the Annual European Congress of Rheumatology in Barcelona, Spain. The European League against Rheumatism ( EULAR ) , which is a trustable organisation that represents the patient, wellness professional and scientific societies of rheumatology of all the European states. This statement is besides supported by the abstract: The efficaciousness of combination therapy with a biological agent is superior to methotrexate monotherapy for remittal. from the web site lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //ard.bmj.com/content/69/7/1298.abstract gt ; . How to cite Rheumatoid Arthritis The Problem Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Accounts Receivable and Income Statement free essay sample

Based on the analytical procedures calculated in parts a. and b. , summarize your observations about Pinnacles business, including your assessment of the clients business risk. d. Go to the Pinnacle link on the textbook Web site (www. prenhall. com/arens) and open the Pinnacle income statement, which is located in the Pinnacle Income Statement worksheet of the Pinnacle-Financials Excel file. Use the income statement information to prepare a common-size income statement for all three years. Use the information to identify accounts for which you believe there is a concern about material misstatements. Use a format similar to the following: Estimate of $ Amount Account Balance of Potential Misstatement e. Use the three divisional income statements in the Pinnacle-Financials Excel file on the Web site to prepare a common-size income statement for each of the three divisions for all three years. Each divisions income statement is in a separate worksheet in the Excel file. We will write a custom essay sample on Accounts Receivable and Income Statement or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Use the information to identify accounts for which you believe there is a concern about material misstatements. Use a format similar to the one in requirement d. f. Explain whether you believe the information in requirement d or e provides the most useful data for evaluating the potential for misstatements. Explain why. .:. g. Analyze the account balances for accounts receivable, inventory, and short/current long-term debt. Describe any observations about those accounts and discuss additional information you want to consider during the current year audit. h. Based on your calculations, assess the likelihood (high, medium, or low) that Pinnacle is likely to fail financially in the next 12 months.

Beauracracy essays

Beauracracy essays In a democratic society, we the people elect representatives to carry out our needs and trust in them that they will carry out that representation in an efficient and responsible manner for the best interest of the public they are representing. That United States government as a legislature, executive branch, and a judiciary branch carries out that responsibility usually with much success and fairness. When the government becomes almost controlled by bureaucracy, that is when our republic becomes undermined and the democratic government that we entrust is, falls apart. The bureaucracy is permanent or ongoing structure that will always exist and will never be replaced. It is comprised of individual groups of government working to finish a common task. It is made up of supervisors upon supervisors who all have a specific job so that the end task is completed with preciseness and in an expeditious manner. The thing that ends up happening is that while the legislature may make the law and the executive branch may have to administer them as supervisors, but what ends up happening is that it is the supervised who do the work and often they exceed their authority. When they do, the entire system is undermined. The executive and legislative branches have created laws and regulations to control bureaucracy as a whole. The bureaucrats often times tend to step on the shoes if you will of the two branches and take matters into their own hands and completely disregard the law. In drafting and enforcing the regulations they issue under the laws passed by the legislators, they often act in excess of their legal authority. Such things they do are unconstitutional. A recent example of this is an issue that came up with the FDA. The FDA attempted to create rules and regulations concerning smoking and tobacco. The almost passed the laws until the government said that is was against regulations and they couldnt do it. ...

“Out of area treatments in mental health” the Leeds experience The WritePass Journal

â€Å"Out of area treatments in mental health† the Leeds experience Introduction â€Å"Out of area treatments in mental health† the Leeds experience ) ‘Out of area treatments in mental health: the Leeds experience’, mentalhealth Today, May/June 2012, pp. 19-21

Read the following excerpt from Aristotle's Poetics and discuss the Essay

Read the following excerpt from Aristotle's Poetics and discuss the respects in which the Medea adheres to his guidelines and - Essay Example *** The Third Episode of Medea contains all the elements necessary, from Aristotle’s point of view, for a play to be called a tragedy. Among others these include, Jason’s mimesis, dialogues, structure of the plot, peripeteia. Another evidence of tragedian character of Euripides’ play is a scene of pain. In the Third Episode we can see the mimesis when Medea repeats Jason’s wrong doings in burning desire to revenge on him and make him suffer. She makes a plan how to force Jason to suffer as much as Medea did felt when he has broken his oath. So here we can observe one of the main elements of a tragedy according to Aristotle. Another key element of a classical tragedy is dialogue, which Medea uses when speaking to Aegeus and asking him to â€Å"Swear by the Earth on which you tread/Swear by the Sun, my father’s father dread/Swear by every god and godhead† to always defend her. This utterance is a dialogue as it said in a highly poetic, elevated tone. Peripeteia of this tragedy also purely corresponds to Aristotle’s requirements stated in the Poetics. ... In Euripides' tragedy there is too much suffering, due to this reason Aristotle called Euripides the most tragic of the playwrights. Here we can observe sufferings when Jason sees his sons’ blood seeping from under the door. It was Medea’s plane to make him suffer – with this purpose she killed her children, the only part of Jason she still had. She wanted to get rid of him completely and at the same time to make him feel grief and agony. The Third Episode of the tragedy shows vividly all the elements in which Euripides’ Medea adheres to Aristotle’s guidelines. So, Medea represents a classic tragedy and can be taken as an example for analysis. In spite of the fact that Aristotle himself considered Medea to be one of the best samples of classical tragedy, Euripides’ masterpiece contains a few elements which do not satisfy Aristotle’s views. For example, Aristotle reproached Euripides for partiality to the method of "God from the machine †, which consists in the fact that the denouement does not escape from the plot, but is achieved with god’s help. Aristotle wrote: â€Å"... the denouement of the plot should follow from the plot, but not, as in Medea, through the machine.† And if the denouement of the conflict so often required the sudden appearance of supernatural forces, then it was not due to Euripides’ inability to find a more convincing composite course, but due to the fact that the poet had not seen in contemporary world solutions for many intricate human affairs. The poet is abhorrent to every theatrical convention. According to Aristotle, a real tragedy, arousing in the viewer sympathy and fear, makes discharging of these affects, directing them into

What are the factors that may contribute our brain's efficeency and Essay

What are the factors that may contribute our brain's efficeency and accuracy when performing a task - Essay Example Research studies show that there are numerous ways in which one can improve his or her brain’s efficiency and accuracy while performing a task. According Richard Restak, brain’s efficiency and accuracy are significantly improved by performing one task at a time, rather than multi-tasking. This is because human brains have some limitations that man must accept. Multi-tasking makes the overall performance of the brain slower, or less efficient than it would be if an individual is performing one task at a time. This argument is based on neuroscientific evidence and experiments that have been previously conducted among them being David Meyer’s research study. Meyer found that multitasking affects both the efficiency and the accuracy of the brains. He stated that â€Å"not only the speed of performance, the accuracy of performance, but what I call the fluency of performance, the gracefulness of their performance, was negatively influenced by the overload of multitasking.† However, this is against the popular misconception that multitasking keeps one head above the rising flood of daily demands that many people believe in. Performing one task at a time improves brain’s efficiency and accuracy because human brains have short-term memories that store between five and nine items at a time. Attempts to achieve more than one task that require both attention and consideration leads to slowing down of the brain’s efficiency and accuracy. Human brains cannot take in and process more than one streams of information, and effectively encode it to produce a short-term memory. If the information taken in does not make it into the short memory, it means that it cannot be transferred to the long-term memory for recall later. However, multitasking may not affect brain’s efficiency and accuracy to high extents especially if the tasks being

Multiple Sclerosis and Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes

Multiple Sclerosis and Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes Multiple sclerosis and Autism spectrum disorder are two neurophysiological diseases that are found to develop in the genetically susceptible population. The exact causes of these diseases and the exact interplay between the genetic factors and environmental factors in the development of the disease are serving to be a billion dollar question. MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS: Symptoms and Progression: MS is a chronic neurological condition which affects the central nervous system (CNS).1 The CNS consists of the brain, optic nerves and the spinal cord. As the CNS controls various motor and behavioural functions in the body, an array of symptoms develops. The symptoms as well as the progression of the disease varies significantly from individual to individual. The symptoms in most individuals though, start at the age of 20 to 40, but the symptoms are really slight that they usually go unnoticed till the disease progresses. In few individuals, the symptoms are noticeable right at the onset of the disease itself.2 SYMPTOMS: VISUAL IMPAIRMENT: As the disease attacks the optic nerves, visual problems arise in the patients. The inflammation of the optic nerves lead to severe pain behind the eyes. Double vision is a really common symptom in MS patients. In certain patients, even vision loss is reported. BLADDER AND BOWEL PROBLEMS: 50% of the patients have constipation which sometimes lead to faecal impaction. Bladder problems arise which makes the patient to urinate more frequently. COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS: Hearing impairment, loss of memory or short term memory loss, slurred speech, attention troubles. Dizziness and depression are reported as well. MOTOR SYMPTOMS: Numbness, tremor, gait, muscle spasms and seizures, fatigue and vertigo. SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONS: Males affected by MS have difficulty in getting / maintaining an erection. Females affected by MS have difficulty in getting orgasms.2 PROGRESSION OF DISEASE: The progression of disease, just like the symptoms, vary from one individual to another. There are five types of progression seen in MS patients. Relapsing-remitting MS: Majority of patients show this kind of progression. As the name suggests, there are episodes of mild/severe symptoms followed by episodes of very mild or no symptoms at all. The episode of attacks usually lasts between few hours to a few months! Primary progressive MS: About 10-15% of the patients have primary progressive MS. The severity of the symptoms worsen progressively. No relapse and remission cycle is seen in these patients. Secondary progressive MS: The initial stages of the disease show relapse and remission cycles. But after a certain point, the symptoms worsen gradually, just like in the primary progressive MS. Progressive relaxing MS: In these patients, the symptoms are followed by recovery, but the severity of the symptoms increase gradually. Benign MS: The individuals undergoes episodes of mild symptoms but gets recovered completely ergo no permanent disability.3 GENETIC FACTORS: The researchers have identified certain genes and environmental factors which most likely cause and progress the disease. One striking observation is that genetic linkage studies have shown the variation in the genes associated with the Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) promotes the risk for developing MS in individuals.4 The group of genes called the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes encodes for Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in our body.5 The HLA genes are present in the short arm of chromosome no 6. The MHC consists of two classes. The genes HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C form the MHC class I. The genes HLA-DP, HLA-DQ and HLA-DR make up the MHC class II. The MHC proteins bind to the T-cells to recognize antigens.6So, the MHC basically helps the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self cells (a property called as MHC restriction).6 It has been identified that the HLA-DRB1 mutant alleles and HLA-A alleles increases the risk of developing the disease.7,8 Though these are the most commonly reported variant gene present in MS, variants in genes present in the HLA system such as HLA-DR15, HLA- DQ6,etc have been linked to the disease as well.7 Also, variants in IL7R have been linked to MS. Presence of C risk allele of the IL7R gene decreases the expression of IL7R.9 IL7 signalling pathway is essential for the T cell differentiation of CD4-CD8- thymocytes.10It also plays a major role in maintaining the T-cell homeostasis. Variant of the IL7R results in the decrease in the expression of IL7R which affects the interlukin pathway, thereby disrupting the T cell development and T cell homeostasis.10 But with the help of genome wide association studies (GWAS), a set of 12 susceptible genes which promotes the risk for developing MS have been identified recently.11,12,13 Although the effect of variations in these genes are not as profound as the variations in the HLA gene system.11 Demyelination: The neuron/nerve cells comprises of a cell body and an extension from the cell body called axon. The axons play a central role in carrying the message from one neuron to another. The axons in the body usually have a coating rich in lipids, called the myelin. Myelin insulates the axon and protects it (just like an insulating coating over an electrical wire).14This helps in the efficient nerve transmission. Myelin present in the central nervous system are produced by a special set of cells called the oligodendrocytes.15 It is believe that in MS patients, a wayward immune system is unable to differentiate between the self and non-self cells and cause an inflammatory response, most likely because of the variations present in the HLA gene system and IL7. This triggers the T-cells to attack and destroy the myelin sheath of the axon or the oligodendrocytes (cells that produce the myelin sheath), keeping the nerve fibres unprotected and uninsulated. This is called as demyelination.14This consequently causes destruction to the nerve fibre (as the protective sheath is degenerated). This produces many scar tissues or lesions (hence the name multiple sclerosis) along the nerve cells, thereby limiting or blocking the transmission of impulses through the nerve cells. Consequently, the brain cannot communicate properly with the other parts of the CNS and eventually causes the various symptoms that are seen in the MS patients. In a nut shell, the disease is believed to be caused by the interplay between inflammat ion and neurodegeneration.1 After the episode of attack, the inflammation reaction may get halted and the neurons that are not demyelinated resume their normal function and even some recovery is possible (as seen in the relapsing-remitting type of progression). It has also been shown that the demyelinated axons tend to produce more sodium channels and this helps in the remission.16 So, sodium channels are rightfully targeted for the MS therapy now.17 Also, even though the oligodendrocytes are not present around to remylinate immediately, myelin does grow back, but it may take a real long time.15 Picture Source: [eMedicineHealth, (2014).Myelin and the Central Nervous System Causes, Symptoms, Treatment What is myelin? eMedicineHealth. [online] Available at: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/myelin_and_the_central_nervous_system/page2_em.htm] AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that causes social, cognitive and language impairment and the tendency to show repetitive behaviour, interests and activities in the individuals.18 ASD is a collection of neurodevelopmental disorder.19The main types of ASD are: Autism, Asperger’s syndrome, Pervasive developmental disorder- not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). The rare disorders in the class are Rett syndrome and Childhood disintegrative disorder.18 Symptoms and Progression: Symptoms include impairment of social relationships, lack of communication and lack of imagination skills and signs of repetitive behaviour. Symptoms vary from one individual to another significantly. 18Asperger’s syndrome patients did not have significant cognitive impairment/delays like autism patients. PDD-NOS is considered as the milder form of autistic behaviour and usually show symptoms in one area, for instance, just lack of social communication.19 The progression of the disease is also different in different patients. Symptoms in childhood may include constant crying, sleeping problems, absence of speech, repetitive movements like handshake or clapping, lack of eye contact, etc. Symptoms in the adolescence and adulthood may be mood imbalance, presence of disability becomes more obvious and prominent, increased anxiety levels, epilepsy and seizures in rare cases.19 Genetic factors: ADS is more of a syndrome than a disease, caused by a variety of genetic and environmental factors.19 Whole genome screens, next generation sequencing (NGS) and cytogenetic studies have been carried out to figure out the genes involved in the cause of the syndrome.20 ADS is a really complex neurological condition which is linked to about 100 genes as of now. 21The genes generally fall into: genes regulating synapsis genes regulating transcription Mutation of genes that are involved in the synaptic functions are commonly observed in ASD. A few important genes are discussed below: Neurexin (NLGN3, NLGN4) and Neuroligin (NRXN1): The genes involved in the production of Neurexin and neuregulin are commonly found mutated genes in ASD. Neurexin and Neuregulin act as neuronal cell surface receptors and organize the interaction between the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic neurons. Neurexin interacts with CASK in the pre-synaptic neuron. Neuroligin interact with PSD95 in the post- synaptic neuron. The two proteins interacts with intracellular factors as well as scaffolding protein, forming a trans-synaptic interaction necessary for a synapsis to exist. Mutations in the genes encoding for these proteins have been reported in ASD patients. Also, the targeted knock out of these genes in the mouse model have caused deregulation of synaptic function. Mutation of neurexin in mice have shown to disrupt the voltage-gated calcium channel, thereby hindering pre-synaptic release of vesicles. Mutations in neuroligin in ASD patients reduced the expression of neroligin, thereby causing less interaction with neurexin thereby causin g synaptic transmission defects.22 SHANK: SHANK consists of three genes: SHANK1, SHANK2, SHANK3. SHANK is involved in the post-synaptic neuron. It interacts with PSD95 and SAPAP and form a protein complex which regulates the formation of dendritic spine. Overexpression of SHANK3 results in the increase in the dendritic spine and the knockdown results in the decrease of dendritic spine formation. Reduced dendritic spine formation leads to defective postsynaptic structure thereby inhibiting synaptic transmission.22 Also, mutations in cadherin9, cadherin10 and cadherin15 are observed in ADS patients. Mutations in these genes destabilize the pre-synaptic and post-synaptic interactions, thereby inhibiting synapsis, leading to autistic symptoms.22 Contactin associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2): CNTNAP2 is a member of the neurexin family that encodes for a neuronal membrane protein that helps in the trans-synaptic interaction. Mutations in this gene have been reported in autistic patients.20 MECP2 gene: Methyl –cytosine binding protein (MECP2), a transcriptional regulator, is mutated in Rett syndrome. The gene is present in the X chromosome. This mutation occurs exclusively in females as the mutation of this gene in males is lethal. Mutation of this gene results in leads to reduced release of vesicles in inhibitory synapsis and affecting the excitation to inhibition ration. 23Another rare mutation in the form of the transcriptional regulator, ARX, is seen in autistic patients.23 Picutre Source: [Walsh, C., Morrow, E. and Rubenstein, J. (2008). Autism and Brain Development.Cell, 135(3), pp.396-400.] Role of demyelination in the disease: Mutations in HLA region (like MS) and increased level of IL12 are reported in autism.24 This causes the T cells to attack the myelin sheath. The damage of myelin sheath ergo nerve cells (mechanism explained above) have been a factor of brain damage in autistic individuals. Neuropathological findings suggest a role for demyelination in the damage of amygdala, hippocampus and cerebellum of autistic patients.24 Environmental factors: Along with the genetic factors, the environmental factors also seem to play a role in the development and progression of these two diseases. Lack of Vitamin D supposedly plays a role in increasing the risk of developing MS.2 Mercury vaccines have been suspected to increase the risk of developing ASD.25 Mercury vaccine results in the deficiency of zinc and that in turn impacts the level of vitamin B12.25 Vitamin B12 in turn is essential for myelin sheath formation.25 In sum, these two neurological diseases are really complex and not yet fully understood yet. Tonnes of research are being performed in order to understand the cause and the exact interplay of genetic factors in the development of disease. Fully understanding the diseases would also provide better ways to treat individuals affected by these devastating complex neurological diseases. REFERENCES: McDonald WI, Ron MA. Multiple sclerosis: the disease and its manifestations.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences1999;354(1390):1615-1622. Irishhealth.com, (2014).Multiple sclerosis irishhealth.com. [online] Available at: http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?con=191 [Accessed 15 Dec. 2014]. Irishhealth.com, (2014).Multiple sclerosis irishhealth.com. [online] Available at: http://www.irishhealth.com/article.html?con=191 [Accessed 15 Dec. 2014]. Rubio JP, Speed TP, Bahlo M, Kilpatrick TJ, Foote SJ. The current state of multiple sclerosis genetic research. Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore. 2000;29(3):322-30. Baranzini SE. Revealing the genetic basis of multiple sclerosis: are we there yet? Current Opinion in Genetics Development. 2011;21(3):317-24. Kindt, T., Goldsby, R., Osborne, B. and Kuby, J. (2007).Kuby immunology. New York: W.H. Freeman. Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature. 2011;476(7359):214-9. Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis. Nature. 2011;476(7359):214-9. Gregory, S., Schmidt, S., Seth, P., Oksenberg, J., Hart, J., Prokop, A., Caillier, S., Ban, M., Goris, A., Barcellos, L., Lincoln, R., McCauley, J., Sawcer, S., Compston, D., Dubois, B., Hauser, S., Garcia-Blanco, M., Pericak-Vance, M. and Haines, J. (2007). Interleukin 7 receptor ÃŽ ± chain (IL7R) shows allelic and functional association with multiple sclerosis.Nat Genet, 39(9), pp.1083-1091. Lundmark F, Duvefelt K, Iacobaeus E, Kockum I, Wallstrom E, Khademi M, et al. Variation in interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL7R) influences risk of multiple sclerosis. Nature genetics. 2007;39(9):1108-13. The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium The Australo-Anglo-American Spondylitis Consortium.Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants.Nature Genet.39,1329–1337(2007) The ANZgene Consortium.Genome-wide association study identifies new multiple sclerosis susceptibility loci on chromosomes 12 and 20.Nature Genet.41,824–828(2009). The International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium.Risk alleles for multiple sclerosis identified by a genomewide study.N. Engl. J. Med.357,851–862(2007). Waxman SG. Demyelination in spinal cord injury and multiple sclerosis: what can we do to enhance functional recovery? Journal of neurotrauma. 1992;9 Suppl 1:S105-17. eMedicineHealth, (2014).Myelin and the Central Nervous System Causes, Symptoms, Treatment What is myelin? eMedicineHealth. [online] Available at: http://www.emedicinehealth.com/myelin_and_the_central_nervous_system/page2_em.htm [Accessed 15 Dec. 2014]. Moll C, Mourre C, Lazdunski M, Ulrich J. Increase of sodium channels in demyelinated lesions of multiple sclerosis. Brain research. 1991;556(2):311-6. Waxman SG. Sodium channels as molecular targets in multiple sclerosis. Journal of rehabilitation research and development. 2002;39(2):233-42. Muhle R, Trentacoste SV, Rapin I. The genetics of autism. Pediatrics. 2004;113(5):e472-86 Webmd.com, (2014).Autism Spectrum Disorders Symptoms, Types, Causes, Treatments. [online] Available at: http://www.webmd.com/brain/autism/autism-spectrum-disorders [Accessed 15 Dec. 2014]. B., J., L., T., Benson, M., Bray-Ward, P. and R., A. (2011). Immune Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder.Autism A Neurodevelopmental Journey from Genes to Behaviour. Ucsf.edu, (2014).Dozens of Genes Associated with Autism in New Research | ucsf.edu. [online] Available at: http://www.ucsf.edu/news/2014/10/120146/dozens-genes-associated-autism-new-research [Accessed 15 Dec. 2014]. Zhan, Y. and Kong, X. (2011). Synaptic Dysfunction Attributes to Autism Spectrum Disorder.American Chinese Journal of Medicine and Science, 4(3), p.112. Walsh, C., Morrow, E. and Rubenstein, J. (2008). Autism and Brain Development.Cell, 135(3), pp.396-400. Ashwood P, Wills S, Van de Water J. The immune response in autism: a new frontier for autism research. Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 2006;80(1):1-15. The vaccine-autism connection: a public health crisis caused by unethical medical practices and fraudulent science..The Annals of pharmacotherapy45(10): 1302–4.

Biographical Sketch Of August Aichorn

Born in Vienna about 129 years ago on the 27th of July August Aichhorn was to change the face of Special Education forever in the years to come. Of course, no one in his family or amongst his friends or neighbors could have predicted his illustrious future since he was, like most kids, little more than a gawky bespectacled studious little thing while in school.There was little to be noticed about him except that he had a twin brother. This twin brother he lost at the age of 20. Heartbroken and a little frazzled (since he had after all been close to his sibling) he began teaching at a school in Vienna. He seemed to have had his career pretty clearly etched out in his mind.And a pretty predictable path it followed too. Teaching was a respectable profession those days and young respectable young men from well-established families (like him) jumped at the chance to pursue it. Only problem was that in those days once you chose a career for yourself you were expected to stick to it until y ou were too old to continue with it and had to retire with a pension.The hop-skip and jump routine we are so used to performing in the job market today was an absolute no-no then. Unfortunately Aichhorn soon discovered that conventional rules such as these did not matter much to him.In 1907 when the Boy’s military settlement was introduced in Vienna Aichhorn, then an enthusiastic 27 year old, opposed it vehemently and finally managed to outdo the system with his exuberance. Soon after, in 1908 he assumed the role of the chairman of a brand new board designed only to organize boys’ settlements.By means of his rather effective and well-directed activism he therefore managed to keep he education system, a system he had now grown to love and honor, from being maligned by the now growing ‘military spirit’.With great determination he now endeavored to take his devotion to the system to the next logical level, the institution he organized in Oberhollabrunn for de linquent boys was an outcome of this very attempt. (Dollard, 2006)In Oberhollabrunn Aichhorn managed the unthinkable by creating out of the dilapidated remains of a refugee camp what was later considered to be one the most sensitive, touching and humanitarian studies of human behavior. This was a period of flux for what had once been a great and much respected monarchy in Austria.Old Austrian traditions were now being dragged into the street and left ankle deep in poverty and shame. Austrians were striving to keep themselves afloat despite the tremendous inflation and revolution brewed. Amongst it all Aichhorn chose to, characteristically, stay away from all the humdrum and surrender himself completely to work.As in every other state of chaos Austria was now becoming a cauldron for trouble, crime and delinquency was frothing up and societal pressures were getting harder to bear than ever before. Amidst it all Aichhorn dreamed of a way to bring back hope to crime doers. Of course he was not original in his subject choice.Dozens before him had meddled with the same topic rather unsuccessfully. Many of Aichhorn predecessors had advocated some old school mercy and ‘understanding, while others had strongly recommended a good dose of thrashing all in order to bring wrongdoers to their senses and recuperate them.Aichhorn however was not a big fan of either approach. In Oberhollabrunn he had the opportunity to put into practical use the sort of methods he considered truly effective to deal with crime and delinquency. What he saw and understood he finally put down in the form of a book, now the ‘Bible’ in the field – Wayward Youth. (Lamb, 2004)It is perhaps a little difficult to really grasp the importance of the door Aichhorn managed to open up to the public and academicians by suggesting that psychoanalytic principles be applied to the study of delinquent behavior today in 2007, when much has been said and done in this direction.Despite the progress we have made in the field however Aichhorn’s work, the Wayward Youth still continues to be a supremely important resource book simply because of its pioneering nature. In the field of crime and delinquent psychology Aichhorn’s work still continue to provide the basic fundamentals even when we have walked far enough to form complex sentences with these letters we will still have to turn to Aichhorn for support.What makes Wayward Youth such a complete pioneer is the fact that it distinguishes between what it terms the ‘latent’ and the ‘manifest’ delinquents. Further, it suggests that an arrested development inclines a person towards ‘antisocial’ behavior.Hence, a troubled child-parent relationship in the early years of the infant might be the primary reason behind his/her delinquent actions in later life.Aichhorn’s capacity to deal with delinquents is often been described as ‘instinctive’ or ‘intui tive’. After having discovered his talent in dealing with antisocial behavior Aichhron was further influenced and encouraged to train himself in the field of psychoanalysis by none other than Anna Freud, daughter of the man who began it all Sigmund Freud, who was herself engaged in some remarkable studies of the human mind.Aichhorn joined the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute at the ripe age or 44, in 1922. He would later organize a special service for child guidance in the same institution.Aichhorn remained in Austria even during the tumultuous 1930’s, thanks to his non-Jew background and the utter ease with which he handled the Nazis.He worked quietly during the war years and waited patiently for the storm to pass and a new day for psychoanalysis to begin in the post-war era once the war ended Aichhorn enthusiastically reopened the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, only now it was to be called August Aichhorn Gesellschaft. (King, 2000)It was also a regeneration time. Ideo logical conflicts and military interests were shaking civilization right up to its foundations. The doubts, dilemmas and confusions were gradually, quite slowly indeed, giving way to a new and unique cultural revolution. It was happening all across the Western world.People suddenly seemed to realize that there was enough of political warfare to disgrace humanity. (Fletcher, 2005)The prevailing standards suddenly seemed to be meaningless, and the insurgent youths wanted something different to happen and Aichhorn was one of the characters of the era that found himself into his own elements in such a situation.He never lost hope and continued to proceed in the direction he was meant to be. It is certain he never became frustrated like many of the individuals of the post war period and stood firm on his ground rather that drift away. (Kar, 2006)Many think Aichhorn’s tryst with delinquents began early even while he struggled as a grade school teacher in the city of Vienna. He hank ered for a theoretical base which would be able to support and expand his understanding of the world of these crime doers and help him set them right again.Hungry to fulfill this desire he studied neuropathology, like many his age during that period unfortunately neuropathology did little to quench his question, instead it only made him wonder further.Desperate he now tried his hands at experimental psychology, which too failed to satisfy him. It was only when he would finally discover psycho-analysis that he would finally find all the missing pieces to his puzzle. (Edelman, 2001)

Anti-Communism in America

– Analyse the impact of anti-communism in the USA from the late 1940’s to 1953 and the impact this had on tensions between the superpowers during this time. In the years between 1940 and 1953 the capitalist nations of the world such as USA became very concerned about the communist ideologies and its possible spread in the world. As a result, the ideological war period known as the â€Å"Cold War† was developed. With the end of World War II, the USA emerged with a renewed sense of confidence as they believed that their role in the Allie alliance was a key factor when defeating their enemy powers.It was not long, however, before ironically, this alliance between USA and USSR would be the cause for rising tensions in the world. It can be suggested that the rise of Cold War tensions led to the Anti-communist policy being being developed in the USA which not only impacted its own country but also renewed Cold War tensions. This is evident when examining McCarthyism, t he Witch-Hunts and Trials, and the Propaganda campaign. The US historical period known as â€Å"McCarthyism† began long before Joseph McCarthy’s own involvement.There were many factors that contributed to its beginning including; the increased membership in the â€Å"Communist Party of the United States† during the late 1930’s and early 1940’s along with Soviets establishing communist regimes across Central and Eastern Europe. Later USA was concerned with Soviet espionage inside government institutions, and at the same time politicians were slowing down social reforms or criticizing President’s arguing they had been influenced by communism. (R) This practice of making accusations of disloyalty, subversion, or treason without proper regard for evidence was later known as, McCarthyism.Joseph McCarthy’s own involvement began with a speech he made: â€Å"I have here in my hand in my hand a list of 205 – a list of names that were m ade known to the Secretary of State as being members of the Communist Party and who nevertheless are still working and shaping policy in the State Department. (McCarthy, ). (R) As a result of McCarthyism there were many Anti-communist committees, as well as private agencies, carrying out investigations about possible communists in the USA.Furthermore the federal government, under Harry Truman’s administration with the help of FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover initiated a program of Loyalty Review for Federal Employees, with the aim of determining if government employees were disloyal to the government. (R) Hoover’s extreme sense of communist threat and numerous illegal practices including burglaries, opening mail and illegal wiretaps, resulted in thousands of government workers losing their jobs after unfair accusations or sometimes even without having any process. R) Among these victims was, Robert Oppenheimer, scientific director of the Manhattan Project who built the fir st atomic bomb. Historian Ellen Schrecker has written; â€Å"in this country, McCarthyism did more damage to the constitution than the American Communist Party ever did†. (R) It was later proved that Soviet espionage did exist in the USA, but besides that fact it can be suggested that the American government could possibly had a greater threat of danger in order to react in such an extreme way, which created divisions still present in the USA.The House Committee on Un-American Activities(HUAC) was perhaps the most involved in Anti-communist investigations government committee. Earlier, this committee had investigated a number of activities including German-American Nazis during World War II, and later focused on communism, investigating an espionage case against Alger Hiss, American politician accused of perjury, in 1948. It was not until 1947 that HUAC achieved its greatest fame with the investigations into the Hollywood film industry.These investigations involved screenwrit ers, directors, and other professionals in testifying about their known, or suspected membership in the Communist Party, within its members, or support of its beliefs. The â€Å"Hollywood Ten†, as it was known, was a group of people formed by the first ten film industry witnesses that decided not to cooperate, and instead cited the First Amendment’s, which guaranteed freedom in speech and beliefs, but failed and were sentenced to prison (R).Later victims had the option of either being informants, and thus, give names of communist sympathizers or going to prison if refused to cooperate (R). On November25 of 1947, Eric Johnston, President of the Motion Picture Association of America published the â€Å"Waldorf Statement†, which announced the firing of the Hollywood Ten, and stated they would not employ any communist or member of a party which advocates to overthrow the government (R). This generated a †Hollywood Blacklist†, through which over 300 actor s, authors and directors were denied to work in the film industry.Those actions taken by the government not only placed USA’s famous â€Å"freedom† in question and showed an excessive use of power until the point that citizen’s rights were constantly violated but also created an atmosphere of fear and suspicion, which sometimes resulted in hysteria. These extreme measures led to a great division in the country that is still present these days. Distribution of Anti-communism propaganda was, without a doubt, one of the most successful measures taken by the USA government during this period of time. [email  protected] edu. au

Modern Hip-Hop and West African Percussion - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1749 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/07/29 Category Music Essay Level High school Tags: Hip Hop Essay Did you like this example? To many, music is like a constant companion. We listen to it when waking up, while in transit, at work or school, and with our friends. It can bring us joy and motivate us, accompany us through difficult times, and alleviate our worries. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Modern Hip-Hop and West African Percussion" essay for you Create order Many people make the argument that music existed earlier than language itself. Primitive tribes and religious practices have used music to reach enlightened states for thousands of years (www.psychologytoday.com). Music has evolved greatly over the past centuries, but can be traced back to Africa were percussion was prominent in daily life. West African percussion practices and techniques have made a significant contribution to modern day hip hop despite the constant imposition of Western culture. Hip hop music, also called hip-hop or rap music, is a music genre developed in the United States by inner-city African Americans in the 1970s which consists of a stylized rhythmic music that commonly accompanies rapping (a rhythmic and rhyming speech that is chanted). Melodies in modern day hip hop incorporate various techniques and structures from African music. For example, today the huge majority of rap songs utilize a musical form called adlibs. This is when something is stated within the song and is followed up by another lyric that is faint in volume and on the side. This method can be traced back to the African melody technique of call and response. African singing often includes glissandos. These are slurs, whistles, yodels and swoops and types of sound such as a raspy or buzzy quality. We can see this also in many modern day songs. Percussion in modern day hip hop is highly influenced by African culture. Percussion and hip hop today, is mostly credited toward Black Americans in the media. In many traditional African societies, the drum was a sacred instrument possessing supernatural power that enabled it to summon the gods into ritual communion with the people. In some societies drums were regarded as deities, deities whose voices were the percussive sounds that emanated (https://academicworks.cuny.edu). When enslaved Africans were first brought to North America during the 1600s and 1700s, slaves from the west coast of Africa used drums to communicate with each other in much the same way as they did at home, sending coded rhythmic messages Europeans could not understand over long distances. In this way slaves held in different encampments could stay in contact, and rebellions could be planned. But after some time the masters realized that the drums could talk. So in 1740, they passed the Slave Code of South Ca rolina where it stated that It is absolutely necessary to the safety of this Province, that all due care be taken to restrain Negroes from using or keeping of drums, which may call together or give sign or notice to one another of their wicked designs and purposes. (thisisafrica.me). This ban started on the plantations of the Carolinas and Georgia, but soon spread across the United States. In the absence of drums, slaves used whatever was in the area to make beats: washboards, spoons, furniture, and their own bodies with hand-clapping, drumming on various surfaces of the body, and foot-stomping / shuffling. Over the multiple years that African music has been in America, it has evolved and branched off to create various other genres. For example, enslaved Africans on southern plantations cultivated their own musical styles, which later evolved into gospel, blues, and what is now known as bluegrass and country music. Slave fiddlers often provided dance music for the southern white ar istocracy, and the sound we recognize today as country fiddling is partially the product of the slave fiddler. The rhythm, melodies and percussion of these genres of music then evolved to create more genres such as hip-hop. The term Western culture is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, and specific artifacts and technologies that have some origin or association with Europe, have both indigenous and foreign origin. The term has come to be applied by people of European Ethnicity to countries whose history is strongly marked by European immigration, colonization and influence, such as the continents of the Americas and Australia, whose current demographic majority is European ethnicity, and is not restricted to the continent of Europe. African music is part of everyday activities, everyone joins in clapping, singing and dancing to the music. It is part of rites and ceremonies where it is performed by master drummers and court musicians. Lastly, it is not normally written down, rather passed on through oral tradition. The traditional music of Africa is historically ancient, rich and diverse, with different regions and nations of Africa having many dissimilar musical traditions. Music in Africa is very important when it comes to religions. Songs and music are used in religious ceremonies and rituals, to pass down stories from generation to generation, as well as to sing and dance to. African music is made up of complex rhythmic patterns, often involving one rhythm played against another to create a polyrhythm (a rhythm that makes use of two or more different rhythms simultaneously). The most common polyrhythm plays three beats on top of two, like a triplet played against straight notes. The most frequently used form in African musical traditions consists of the use of ostinato (repeated short musical phrases) with the accompaniment of melodic-rhythmic patterns. For example, in the call and response method, a leader usually sings a phrase and a chorus sings back a response. African musical instruments include a wide range of drums, slit gongs, rattles and double bells, different types of harps, and harp-like instruments such as the Kora and the ngoni, as well as fiddles, many kinds of xylophone and lamellophone such as the mbira, and different types of wind instrument like flutes. Today, instruments like these are typically used in beat production. However we find them to be automated by a machine more than actually played. In Conclusion, hip hop music is part of and speaks to a long line of black American and African diasporic cultural traditions. Much of what is written about hip hop traces this culture through a series of stages, from a music and dance focused phenomenon created for and by people in low income neighborhoods, to a dominant global youth culture. Many people also make a connection between rap and West African griot tradition, the art of wandering storytellers known for their knowledge of local settings and superior vocal skills. modern day hip hop takes heavy influence from traditional African culture despite the constant imposition of Western culture. Modern Day hip hop uses forms and structures that are influenced by traditional African music. Furthermore, it is evident that some African instruments have influenced the sound aesthetic in hip hop as well. For example, the flute is a common African instrument that is used in hip hop production. There are many music production softwares that have automated traditional African instruments, therefore people alter the sound generated to achieve something new and different. This is how modern music trends or new genres are formed. Annotated Bibliography Agrawal, AJ. The Evolution of the Music Industry Where We Go From Here. The Huffington Post, TheHuffingtonPost.com, 22 July 2017, www.huffingtonpost.com/aj-agrawal/the-evolution-of-the-musi_b_11109130.html. African Percussion Instruments Their Traditional Use And Purpose. African Music Safari, www.african-music-safari.com/percussion-instruments.html. Codring, Raymond. In the Beginning: Hip Hops Early Influences. OUPblog, 21 July 2015, blog.oup.com/2006/08/in_the_beginnin/. GCSE Bitesize: African Music. BBC, BBC, www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/music/world_music/music_africa1.shtml. This source explores what African music is and how it is incorporated in everyday activities. This source is fairly limited in its content, but nonetheless it still summarizes African music successfully. The cite states that African music is part of rites and ceremonies, part of everyday activities, and is not normally written down but passed on through oral tradition. Furthermore it hints towards how African music was combined with folk music of the Europeans to create styles of music. Greenburg, David. What Is MusicExactly? Psychology Today, Sussex Publishers, 3 Aug. 2016, www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-power-music/201608/what-is-music-exactly. Haus. The Roots of Hip Hop. History of Breakdancing, RM Hip Hop Magazine, www.globaldarkness.com/articles/roots_of_hiphop.htm. Hip Hop Production. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 3 June 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_production. Lindh, Nic. Hip-Hop Rooted in African Culture. Cronkite News Arizona PBS, Cronkite News Arizona PBS, 25 Feb. 2016, cronkitenews.azpbs.org/2016/02/25/hip-hop-rooted-in-african-culture/. Lincoln, Mark. The Powerful Influence of African Culture on Modern Music. JamPlay.com, JamPlay, LLC, 21 Apr. 2018, www.jamplay.com/articles/1-general/161-the-powerful-influence-of-african-culture-on-modern-music. Music of Africa. New World Encyclopedia, . 10 Nov 2015, 21:07 UTC. 29 May 2018, 15:50 This encyclopedia is very useful in its credibility and information. This source highlights how vast and varied the music of Africa is, due to different alterations of music within various tribes. Furthermore, it talks about the musical components of African traditional music. This includes: repetition, call and response, Hocketing, form, structure, polyphony, lyrics and many more. This source was very descriptive in pinpointing how the region effects the sound aesthetic, and African musics relationship to dance. Music of Africa. Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 27 May 2018, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_of_Africa. Newatlantisline. African Music (Full Documentary). YouTube, YouTube, 17 Jan. 2015, www.youtube.com/watch?v=hzAwHS7oQWs. This source was a documentary on African music and percussion. More specifically, I was the story of a street musician in Bamako names Lagare. His dream is to play in Europe. He now has the opportunity to perform alongside one of the best musicians in the country, Loby Traore, one of the drivers of African blues. Lagare contacts other skillful individuals (the interpreter Kora Touami Diabate, singer Umu Simayogo, pianist Joe Kayat) with which he reflects on the value of music in everyday society. Although this source is somewhat old, it still proves useful when understanding how African music is incorporated into the lives of many. This source is from a professional documentary page on YouTube called New Atlantis Full Documentaries. In terms of credibility, this is a verified source and they have links to various other social media pages. The History of African American Music.. The History of African American Music. African-American Years: Chronologies of American History and Experience, Encyclopedia.com, 2018, www.encyclopedia.com/history/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/history-african-american-music. Zhao. No Drums Allowed: Afro Rhythmic Mutations in America This Is Africa Lifestyle. This Is Africa, 22 Jan. 2018, thisisafrica.me/lifestyle/drums-allowed-afro-rhythmic-mutations-america/.